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Lazar the Serb
Lazar ((セルビア語:Лазар), (ロシア語:Лазарь)), also known as Lazar the Serb or Lazar the Hilandarian (fl. 1404), was a Serbian Orthodox monk who invented and built the first known mechanical public clock in Russia in 1404. The clock, which also struck the hours, was built at the request of Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow (r. 1389–1425). Prior to his arrival in Moscow, Lazar had served as a monk in the Serbian Hilandar monastery at Mount Athos. The clock tower was located in the palace behind the Annunciation Church. However, the clock and the church in which it was located have not survived.
==Life==
A Serb, Lazar was born in the town of Prizren, in the Serbian Empire. He was a monk with the rank of ''crnorizac'' ((セルビア語:црноризац), (ロシア語:чернец), ''černec'') serving at the Serbian Orthodox Hilandar monastery, a centre of Serbian religious and secular culture〔Parry 2010, (p. 233 )〕 and "the first Serbian university",〔Upadhya 1994, (p. 65 )〕 located on Mount Athos. Lazar likely left Mount Athos as a result of the Ottoman conquests in the Balkans.〔Tsonev 1976, (Mŭdrostta na starite charkove, p. 24 ): 〕 speak of Lazar, newly arrived from Serbia, inventing and building a clock on a tower in the Grand Prince's palace in Moscow behind the Annunciation Church at the request of Vasily I, the Grand Prince of Moscow (r. 1389–1425).〔 It was the first ever spring-driven (mechanical) clock, or striking clock, in Russia, and also the country's first public clock.〔〔〔〔〔 〕 The clock numbers were written in Church Slavonic.〔 It was among the first ten such advanced clocks in Europe, and was regarded a technical miracle at the time.〔 Clocks in urban towers, or municipal hour signals, did exist earlier in Italy, though it is not known how they indicated the hours. In 1344, Paduan chronicles confirmed an entirely new technology – a clock in a tower at the Paduan palace which automatically struck the hours (24h).
The clock tower has not survived, and its exact location is undetermined, although it is believed to have been located at or near the Spasskaya Tower (formerly known as Frolovskaya). The clock was for a long time the only one in Moscow and Russia,〔 〕 and worked for more than two centuries without failure.〔〔 It was then replaced by another clock which was destroyed in a fire.〔 A miniature from the 16th-century Ostermanovskij manuscript (of the Litsevoy Collection of Chronicles, Ancient Chronicle, sheet 587, drawing 1175〔) exists which depicts the monk Lazar showing Vasily and two of his vassals the finished clock tower.〔 Although the tower is gone, the illustration of the clock tower and monastery can be seen in the Polytechnical Museum in Moscow as of 2006.〔 A 16th-century chronicle says that Lazar was paid 150 rubles for his work ("''sta bole polutorasta rublev''").〔: 〕
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